Burundi : Il faut renouveler le mandat du Rapporteur spécial

À l’attention des Représentants permanents des États Membres et Observateurs du Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies (Genève, Suisse)

Madame, Monsieur le Représentant permanent,

En octobre 2021, lors de la 48ème session du Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’ONU, ce dernier a institué une procédure spéciale sur le Burundi. Le nouveau mandat de Rapporteur spécial comprend d’importantes composantes de suivi de la situation et de fourniture de rapports et de conseils techniques. En même temps, la décision du Conseil de ne pas renouveler le mandat de la Commission d’enquête (COI) a mis fin au seul mécanisme international chargé d’enquêter sur les violations et atteintes aux droits humains au Burundi et d’identifier leurs auteurs en vue d’assurer la pleine reddition des comptes. Dans ce contexte, alors que de graves inquiétudes demeurent quant au respect des droits, il est crucial que le Rapporteur spécial puisse mener à bien sa mission.

Le Rapporteur spécial qui a été nommé en avril 2022, M. Fortuné Gaetan Zongo, a présenté sa première mise à jour au Conseil en juin 2022. Se trouvant dans la phase de décollage de son mandat, il a exprimé sa volonté d’explorer des voies de coopération avec le Gouvernement burundais, tout en soulignant que des efforts importants restaient à accomplir dans plusieurs domaines, notamment la lutte contre l’impunité, le renforcement des institutions judiciaires, de la police et de l’armée, et l’élargissement de l’espace démocratique et de la société civile. M. Zongo doit présenter son premier rapport écrit lors de la 51ème session du Conseil (12 septembre-7 octobre 2022).

Nous sommes d’avis que toutes les composantes du mandat du Rapporteur spécial peuvent contribuer à améliorer la situation des droits humains au Burundi. Nous soulignons toutefois que le Rapporteur spécial a besoin de temps pour remplir sa mission. Aussi, en amont de la 51ème session du Conseil, exhortons-nous votre délégation à soutenir le renouvellement du mandat du Rapporteur spécial pour une année afin de permettre au Conseil de continuer sa surveillance étroite de la situation et de poursuivre son travail en faveur de la justice et de la redevabilité au Burundi.

Conformément à la resolution 48/16, le Rapporteur spécial a pour mandat de « surveiller la situation des droits de l’homme au Burundi et de faire des recommandations en vue de l’améliorer, de recueillir, d’examiner et d’évaluer les informations fournies par toutes les parties prenantes en [s’appuyant] sur le travail de la Commission d’enquête, de conseiller le Gouvernement burundais pour qu’il s’acquitte [de ses] obligations en matière de droits de l’homme […] et d’offrir conseils et assistance à la société civile et à la Commission nationale indépendante des droits de l’homme [CNIDH] ».

Depuis que le mandat du Rapporteur spécial a été mis sur pied, la situation des droits humains au Burundi n’a pas évolué d’une façon substantielle. Les améliorations modestes depuis que le président Évariste Ndayishimiye a prêté serment, en juin 2020, ainsi que les signaux positifs qu’il a envoyés, en particulier en ce qui concerne la liberté de la presse et les promesses de justice, ne se sont pas matérialisés en des réformes durables.

Tous les problèmes structurels identifiés par la COI et d’autres acteurs du domaine des droits humains demeurent. Ils comprennent des arrestations arbitraires d’opposants politiques ou de personnes perçues comme tels, des actes de torture ou autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, des disparitions forcées, des exécutions extrajudiciaires, des violences sexuelles et basées sur le genre, des restrictions sans justification aux libertés d’expression, de réunion pacifique et d’association, et des violations des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels qui sont liées aux fondements économiques de l’État.

Les organisations indépendantes de défense des droits humains, tant nationales qu’internationales, demeurent dans l’impossibilité de travailler au Burundi. Plusieurs associations de protection des droits humains qui comptent parmi les plus respectées du pays demeurent suspendues ou mises hors la loi depuis 2015. L’avocat et ancien défenseur des droits humains Tony Germain Nkina demeure en détention après que la Cour d’appel de Ngozi a confirmé sa condamnation à une peine de cinq ans d’emprisonnement sur la base de chefs d’accusation liés à son travail en faveur des droits humains. De nombreux défenseurs des droits humains et journalistes sont en exil. Douze d’entre eux ont été condamnés par contumace à une peine de prison à perpétuité, comme l’a annoncé la Cour suprême du Burundi en février 2021.

De graves violations se poursuivent, dont certaines avaient mené la COI à conclure que des crimes contre l’humanité pourraient avoir été commis . L’impunité est généralisée, particulièrement en lien avec les graves crimes commis en 2015 et 2016. La police et les forces de sécurité, le Service national de renseignement (SNR) et les Imbonerakure (la branche jeunesse du parti CNDD-FDD au pouvoir) sont responsables de la plupart de ces violations.

En février 2022, des organisations burundaises de défense des droits humains ont souligné qu’« aucun progrès significatif n’a été constaté dans le domaine des droits humains dans le pays », insistant sur l’absence de réformes. Elles ont ajouté : « La situation que nous avons fuie reste la même aujourd’hui », un défenseur des droits humains demandant « Comment pourrions-nous retourner dans un pays où l’on risque enlèvements, arrestations arbitraires, assassinats ? »

. L’approche du Conseil devrait reposer sur des indicateurs destinés à mesurer des progrès tangibles, s’appuyant sur les indicateurs-clefs identifiés par la COI9 . Ce faisant, le Conseil reconnaîtrait que tout changement substantiel de son approche de la situation des droits humains au Burundi résultera de progrès mesurables et durables en relation avec les sujets d’inquiétude majeurs. Le Conseil devrait aussi tenir compte des facteurs de risques de violations supplémentaires.

Le Gouvernement burundais continue de rejeter les résolutions du Conseil, refuse de coopérer de façon substantielle avec les organes et mécanismes onusiens de protection des droits humains11, et a explicitement exclu de coopérer avec le Rapporteur spécial.

Le Gouvernement burundais devrait reconnaître l’existence de défis en matière de droits humains et permettre un accès et coopérer avec les organes et mécanismes indépendants. Ceux-ci incluent le Rapporteur spécial, le Bureau de la Haute-Commissaire aux droits de l’homme (HCDH), qui a dû fermer son bureau pays en 2019 à la demande du Gouvernement burundais, et la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (CADHP), qui a exhorté le Gouvernement burundais à coopérer avec toutes les parties prenantes au niveau international, y compris l’Union africaine, les Nations Unies et la Communauté de l’Afrique de l’Est.

Le renouvellement du mandat du Rapporteur spécial intervient à un moment critique, alors que les leaders du parti au pouvoir mobilisent les Imbonerakure13. Comme cela a été le cas en amont d’élections passées au Burundi, il est probable que la répression politique s’accroisse au cours de l’année à venir. En tant que seul mécanisme international disposant d’un mandat spécifique de suivi de la situation des droits humains au Burundi, il est crucial que le Rapporteur spécial puisse faire rapport au Conseil sur les violations et atteintes commises pendant la période qui s’ouvre, y compris en surveillant les possibles actes de harcèlement et autres violations visant les membres et les soutiens de l’opposition par les Imbonerakure.

En l’absence d’améliorations structurelles, et alors que de graves violations des droits humains continuent à être commises en toute impunité, le Conseil devrait adopter une résolution qui reflète la réalité sur le terrain et assure la continuité tant du travail de suivi et de mise au point de rapports que des débats publics sur la situation des droits humains au Burundi. Il devrait accorder au Rapporteur spécial le temps dont il a besoin pour remplir sa mission et exhorter le Burundi à coopérer avec lui, notamment en lui permettant un accès au pays.

Lors de sa 51ème session, le Conseil devrait adopter une résolution qui renouvelle le mandat du Rapporteur spécial sur le Burundi pour une année supplémentaire.

Nous vous remercions de l’attention que vous porterez à ces préoccupations et nous tenons prêts à fournir à votre délégation toute information supplémentaire.

Nous vous prions de croire, Madame, Monsieur le Représentant permanent, en l’assurance de notre haute considération.

  1. Action des chrétiens pour l’abolition de la torture – Burundi (ACAT-Burundi)
  2. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS)
  3. AfricanDefenders (Réseau panafricain des défenseurs des droits humains)
  4. Amnesty International
  5. Association burundaise pour la protection des droits humains et des personnes détenues (APRODH)
  6. Centre africain pour la démocratie et les études des droits de l’Homme (ACDHRS)
  7. Centre mondial pour la responsabilité de protéger (GCR2P)
  8. Centre pour les droits civils et politiques (Centre CCPR)
  9. CIVICUS
  10. Civil Society Human Rights Advocacy Platform – Libéria
  11. Coalition béninoise des défenseurs des droits humains (CDDH-Bénin)
  12. Coalition burkinabè des défenseurs des droits humains (CBDDH)
  13. Coalition burundaise pour la Cour pénale internationale (CB-CPI)
  14. Coalition burundaise des défenseurs des droits de l’homme (CBDDH)
  15. Coalition des défenseurs des droits humains du Malawi
  16. Coalition ivoirienne des défenseurs des droits humains (CIDDH)
  17. Coalition libérienne des défenseurs des droits humains (LICHRD)
  18. Coalition nationale des défenseurs des droits humains au Kenya – Defenders Coalition
  19. Coalition togolaise des défenseurs des droits humains (CTDDH)
  20. Collectif des avocats pour la défense des victimes de crimes de droit international commis au Burundi (CAVIB)
  21. Commission internationale de juristes (CIJ)
  22. Consortium des organisations éthiopiennes de défense des droits humains (CEHRO)
  23. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
  24. Ethiopian Human Rights Defenders Center (EHRDC)
  25. Fédération internationale des ACAT (FIACAT)
  26. FIDH (Fédération internationale pour les droits humains)
  27. Forum pour le renforcement de la société civile (FORSC)
  28. Genève pour les Droits de l’Homme – Formation internationale (GHR)
  29. Gender Centre for Empowering Development (GenCED) – Ghana
  30. Human Rights Defenders Network – Sierra Leone
  31. Human Rights Watch
  32. Independent Human Rights Investigators – Liberia
  33. Initiative pour les droits humains au Burundi (BHRI)
  34. Institut du Caire pour l’étude des droits de l’Homme (CIHRS)
  35. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
  36. Lawyers for Justice Sudan – Soudan
  37. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada
  38. Light for All
  39. Ligue Iteka
  40. Mouvement INAMAHORO
  41. Organisation mondiale contre la torture (OMCT)
  42. Partnership for Justice – Nigéria
  43. Protection International Africa
  44. Réseau de la Commission indépendante des droits de l’Homme en Afrique du Nord (CIDH Afrique)
  45. Réseau des citoyens probes (RCP)
  46. Réseau des défenseurs des droits humains en Afrique centrale (REDHAC)
  47. Réseau des défenseurs des droits humains du Mozambique (RMDDH)
  48. Réseau nigérien des défenseurs des droits humains (RNDDH)
  49. Réseau ouest africain des défenseurs des droits humains (ROADDH)
  50. Service international pour les droits de l’Homme (SIDH)
  51. SOS-Torture/Burundi
  52. Southern Africa Human Rights Defenders Network (Southern Defenders)
  53. Tournons La Page
  54. Tournons La Page Burundi
  55. TRIAL International

Source: Human Rights Watch

Burundi: Extend the Special Rapporteur’s mandate

At the 48th session of the UN Human Rights Council, in October 2021, the Council established a special procedure on Burundi. The new Special Rapporteur mandate includes critical monitoring, reporting, and technical advice com­ponents. The Council’s decision to discontinue the mandate of the Commission of In­quiry (CoI) at the same time ended the only international mechanism tasked with investigating violations and identifying alleged perpetrators of human rights vio­lations and abuses in Burundi with a view to ensuring full accountability. In this context and amid serious ongoing human rights concerns, it is vital that the Special Rapporteur is able to fulfil his mandate.

The Special Rapporteur who was appointed in April 2022, Mr. For­tuné Gaetan Zongo, presented his first update to the Council in June 2022. As he is still in the early stages of his mandate, he expressed his wil­ling­­ness to explore avenues for cooperation with the Govern­ment of Burundi, while emphasising that sig­ni­fi­cant efforts were still needed in many areas, including the fight against impunity, strengthening ins­titutions overseeing justice, policing and military sectors, and the opening of civic space. Mr. Zongo is due to present his first written re­port at the Council’s 51st session (12 September-7 October 2022).

We believe that all components of the Special Rapporteur’s mandate can contribute to im­proving Burundi’s human rights situation. We stress, however, that the Special Rapporteur needs time to fulfill his mandate. Ahead of the Council’s 51st session, we urge your delegation to support the ex­tension of the Special Rapporteur’s man­date for a further year to ensure that the Coun­cil continues its scrutiny and pursues its work towards justice and accountability in Burundi.

Pursuant to resolution 48/16, the Special Rapporteur has a mandate “to monitor the situation of human rights in Burundi, to make recommendations for its improvement, to collect, examine and assess information from all relevant stakeholders pertaining to the human rights in Bu­run­di, building upon the work of the Commission of Inquiry, to advise the Government of Burundi in fulfilling its human rights obligations […] and to offer support and advice to civil society and to the National Independent Human Rights Com­mission [CNIDH].”

Since the Special Rapporteur’s mandate was operationalised, the human rights situation in Burundi has not changed in a substantial or sustainable way. The limited improvements since President Évariste Ndayi­shi­miye was sworn in, in June 2020, as well as the positive signals he sent, particularly with regard to freedom of the press and promises of justice, have not materia­lised into long-term reforms.

All the structural issues the CoI and other human rights actors iden­ti­fied re­main in place. These include arbitrary arrests of political opponents or those perceived as such, acts of torture and other cruel, in­hu­man or degrading treatment or punishment, en­for­ced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, sexual and gender-based violence, undue restrictions to freedoms of expression, peaceful assembly and asso­cia­tion, and vio­lations of economic, social and cul­tural rights that are intertwined with the economic under­pinnings of the State.

Independent national and inter­national human rights organisations are still un­able to operate in Burundi. Several of the coun­try’s most prominent human rights groups remain either suspended or outlawed since 2015. Lawyer and former human rights defender Tony Germain Nkina remains in detention after the Court of Appeal of Ngozi upheld his conviction on politically-motivated charges linked to his human rights work and five-year prison sentence. Many human rights defenders and journalists remain in exile, twelve of whom have been con­victed in absentia and sentenced to life impri­sonment, as announced by Burundi’s Su­preme Court in February 2021.

Serious violations continue, including those that previously led the CoI to conclude that crimes against hu­ma­nity may have been committed. Impunity remains widespread, particularly relating to the grave crimes committed in 2015 and 2016. Police and security forces, the National Intelligence Service (SNR), and the Imbonerakure (the ruling CNDD-FDD party youth wing) are responsible for most of these violations.

In February 2022, Burundian human rights organisations highlighted that “no significant progress had been seen in terms of human rights in the country,” pointing to the absence of human rights reforms. “The situation we fled remains the same today,” they added, asking in the words of one defender: “How could we go back to a country where one is at risk of being abducted, arbitrarily arrested, or murdered ?”

The Coun­cil’s approach should rely on benchmarks to measure tangible progress, based on key indicators identified by the CoI. Doing so, the Council will acknowledge that any substantive change to its consi­deration of Bu­run­di’s human rights situation will come as a result of demonstrable and sustainable progress on key issues of con­­­cern. The Council should also take into account risk factors of further violations.

The Govern­ment of Burundi continues to reject Council resolutions, refuses to meaningfully cooperate with UN human rights bodies and mechanisms, and has explicitly refused to cooperate with the Special Rapporteur.

The Govern­ment of Burundi should acknowledge exis­ting human rights challenges and grant access to and cooperate with inde­pen­dent bodies and mecha­nisms. These include the Special Rap­porteur, the Office of the UN High Com­mis­sioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), which closed its country office in 2019 at the request of the Govern­ment of Burundi, and the African Com­mission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), which urged the Gov­ern­ment of Burundi to cooperate with all international stakeholders, inc­luding the African Union, the UN, and the East African Community.

The renewal of the Special Rapporteur’s mandate comes at a critical time, as ruling party leaders have been mobilising the Imbonerakure. As has been the case in the run-up to past elections in Burundi, the political rep­ression is likely to worsen in the coming year. As the only international mechanism with a specific mandate to monitor the human rights situation in Burundi, it will be crucial for the Special Rap­porteur to be able to report to the Council on violations and abuses during the upcoming period, including monitoring pos­si­ble harassment and other violations targeting opposition members and supporters by the Imbo­nera­kure.

In the absence of structural improvements and as grave human rights violations and abuses continue to be committed with impunity, the Council should adopt a resolution that reflects realities on the ground and ensures continued monitoring, reporting, and public debates on Burundi’s human rights situation. It should grant the Special Rap­porteur the time he needs to fulfil his mandate and urge Burundi to cooperate with him, including by granting him access to the country.

At its 51st session, the Council should adopt a resolution that extends the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Burundi for a further year.

We thank you for your attention to these pressing issues and stand ready to provide your delegation with further information as required.

Sincerely,

  1. Action des Chrétiens pour l’Abolition de la Torture – Burundi (ACAT-Burundi)
  2. African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS)
  3. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS)
  4. AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network)
  5. Amnesty International
  6. Association Burundaise pour la Protection des Droits Humains et des Personnes Détenues (APRODH)
  7. Burkinabè Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
  8. Burundian Coalition of Human Rights Defenders (CBDDH)
  9. Burundian Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CB-CPI)
  10. Burundi Human Rights Initiative (BHRI)
  11. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
  12. Central African Network of Human Rights Defenders (REDHAC)
  13. Centre for Civil and Political Rights (CCPR-Centre)
  14. CIVICUS
  15. Civil Society Human Rights Advocacy Platform – Liberia
  16. Coalition Béninoise des Défenseurs des Droits Humains (CDDH-Bénin)
  17. Collectif des Avocats pour la Défense des Victimes de Crimes de Droit International Commis au Burundi (CAVIB)
  18. Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations (CEHRO)
  19. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
  20. Ethiopian Human Rights Defenders Center (EHRDC)
  21. FIDH (International Federation for Human Rights)
  22. Forum pour le Renforcement de la Société Civile (FORSC)
  23. Geneva for Human Rights – Global Training (GHR)
  24. Gender Centre for Empowering Development (GenCED) – Ghana
  25. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
  26. Human Rights Defenders Network – Sierra Leone
  27. Human Rights Watch
  28. INAMAHORO Movement
  29. Independent Human Rights Investigators – Liberia
  30. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
  31. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
  32. International Federation of ACAT (FIACAT)
  33. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
  34. Ivorian Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CIDDH)
  35. Lawyers for Justice Sudan
  36. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada
  37. Liberia Coalition of Human Rights Defenders (LICHRD)
  38. Light for All
  39. Ligue Iteka
  40. Malawi Human Rights Defenders Coalition
  41. Mozambique Human Rights Defenders Network (RMDDH)
  42. National Coalition of Human Rights Defenders in Kenya – Defenders Coalition
  43. Network of the Independent Commission for Human Rights in North Africa (CIDH Africa)
  44. Nigerien Human Rights Defenders Network (RNDDH/NHRDN)
  45. Partnership for Justice – Nigeria
  46. Protection International Africa
  47. Réseau des Citoyens Probes (RCP)
  48. SOS-Torture/Burundi
  49. Southern Africa Human Rights Defenders Network (Southern Defenders)
  50. Togolese Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CTDDH)
  51. Tournons La Page
  52. Tournons La Page Burundi
  53. TRIAL International
  54. West African Human Rights Defenders Network (ROADDH/WAHRDN)
  55. World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)

Source: Amnesty International

WFP scales up support for millions who ‘cannot wait’ for food aid amid Horn of Africa drought

As the threat of famine looms in the Horn of Africa, the World Food Programme (WFP) announced on Friday that it is scaling up operations to support millions going hungry who “cannot wait” for assistance.

The region is in the grip of a historic drought, brought on by four consecutive failed rains.  The crisis has left some 22 million people across Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia struggling to find enough to eat, with numbers expected to rise. 

Livestock are dying, and there are critical shortages of water and food. More than a million people have fled their homes and are now living in crowded camps, where humanitarians are scrambling to meet the overwhelming needs.

No end in sight

WFP chief David Beasley on Thursday wrapped up a visit to Somalia, where the risk of famine is high.  

More than seven million people there, nearly half the population, are acutely food insecure, and 213,000 are already facing famine-like conditions.

Mr. Beasley travelled to the southern city of Baardheere where he met families, including malnourished children and their mothers, who have been forced to leave home and travel long distances to seek humanitarian aid, amid ongoing conflict.

“People here have been waiting years for rain – but they cannot wait any longer for life-saving food assistance. The world needs to act now to protect the most vulnerable communities from the threat of widespread famine in the Horn of Africa,” he said. 

“There is still no end in sight to this drought crisis, so we must get the resources needed to save lives and stop people plunging into catastrophic levels of hunger and starvation”.

Food and cash assistance

WFP said the drought is expected to continue in the coming months as a fifth poor rainy season is forecast later this year.

The agency is doing everything possible to support the most vulnerable people, but urgently requires around $418 million over the next six months to meet the increasing needs.

Meanwhile, WFP is focused on using available funds to increase assistance in the worst-hit areas.  The aim is to target some 8.5 million people across the region, up from 6.3 million at the start of the year.

Staff are providing food and cash assistance to families, in addition to distributing fortified foods to women and children as malnutrition rates spiral. Cash grants and insurance schemes are also helping households to buy food to keep their livestock alive, or to compensate them when they die.

Support for Somalia

Relatedly, $10 million has been allocated from the UN’s Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) to ramp up the drought response in Somalia.

UN Humanitarian Coordinator Martin Griffiths warned on Friday that time is running out for people in the country.

“If we don’t step up in force now, it’ll run out and the malnourished children are likely to die first,” he said. 

“This new funding will help humanitarian agencies get supplies and staff in place as soon as humanly possible to help avert a further catastrophe in Somalia. But it is no solution. We need all hands on deck and all resources mobilized to prevent famine”.

CERF has so far contributed a total of $41 million to the drought response in Somalia this year.

The funding has been used to support food and nutrition interventions, and to deliver healthcare, water and sanitation, protection, shelter, and education to people in need.

Source: United Nations

Ukraine – Russia’s war on Ukraine (DG ECHO, Ukraine government, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 19 August 2022)

Since 24 February, the UN and humanitarian partners have provided vital humanitarian aid to more than 11.8 million people with various forms of assistance.

On 18 August in Lviv, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has been meeting Ukraine and Türkiye leaders to discuss finding a political solution to the war. They have also been talking about efforts to increase Ukrainian grain exports ahead of winter, and the risk of a catastrophe at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urged the UN to ensure the security of Europe’s largest nuclear power plant which is currently under Russian control. Earlier, Russian Foreign Ministry dismissed a proposal by the UN Secretary-General to demilitarise the area around the plant.

A total of 25 grain-laden ships have so far left the Ukrainian ports. The ship carrying the first cargo of food aid bound for Africa, transited Istanbul’s Bosporus Strait on Wednesday evening.

A total of 17 people were killed and dozens wounded in a series of massive Russian missile strikes on Ukraine’s Kharkiv region on Wednesday night and Thursday morning.

Source: European Commission’s Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

MMC East and Southern Africa Snapshot – August 2022: Interactions between local communities and transiting migrants in Hargeisa

The Eastern corridor from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula has traditionally been one of the busiest maritime routes with 394,622 migrant arrivals since 2018.1 The journey undertaken by predominantly Ethiopian migrants2 can involve several stops at key transit locations to rest, look for smugglers, or work.3 In these locations, migrants’ interactions with local communities are linked to their need for information, for assistance and services, and for income-generating opportunities as well as on potential shared cultural and ethnic affiliations. Recognizing that local communities in transit locations are key stakeholders in the migration process, MMC and IOM have partnered under the 2022 Regional Migrant Response Plan for the Horn of Africa and Yemen to design and implement a mixed-methods study to generate an evidence-base on the dynamics between local communities and transiting migrants along the Eastern Route.

The study has targeted three key transit locations along the Eastern Route: Hargeisa in the Somaliland region, and Obock and Tadjourah in Djibouti. This snapshot presents the main findings on interactions between migrants and local communities in Hargeisa, based on 201 surveys conducted with local community members in July 2022.4 Hargeisa is the capital of the Somaliland region and is a place of transit mainly for Ethiopian migrants. After crossing into the region at the border towns of Borama and Waajale, many Ethiopians stop in Hargeisa before continuing on to Bossasso and Ceelayo where they embark on the sea crossing.5

Key findings

• Most local community respondents interact with migrants on a daily basis (60%), while 24% interact weekly.

• The provision of free assistance is the most common form of interaction (52%) between local community respondents and migrants, followed by commercial/economic interactions (45%) and social interactions (22%).

• Food (89/97) and water (55) are the most common forms of free assistance provided by local communities, followed by cash (40).

• Migrants are commonly clients of local businesses, as described by 61 of 85 who had commercial/economic interactions with migrants. Others hire migrants (27), most often in domestic work.

Source: Mixed Migration Centre

With dwindling numbers, stakeholders expand integrated TB and COVID-19 testing in communities

Kaduna, 19 August 2022 – When health workers took the Tuberculosis (TB) testing outreach to Rigasa community, Kaduna State, Rabi Umaru, a 37-year-old housewife, did not need much convincing to get tested.

She had been coughing for two weeks but had not visited any health facility because of lack of funds.

“I usually hear on the radio that if you cough for two weeks, you should go to the health facility to test for TB. I eventually tested for TB and COVID-19 during the community outreach, and after testing negative for COVID-19, I used the opportunity to receive the COVID-19 vaccination. Leaving here, I will lend my voice to mobilize other women in the neighbourhood to come out and benefit from the free TB and COVID-19 testing as well as receive their COVID-19 vaccine,” she said.

Tuberculosis and COVID-19 share similarities despite being caused by different biological agents. Worldwide, TB is one of the highest causes of death from a single infectious disease, and in the past two years, nearly all countries, including Nigeria, have felt the impact of COVID-19, resulting in a global health crisis with over 595 million people infected and above 6.45 million deaths as of 14 August, 2022.

High disease burden

For now, Nigeria has the highest burden of TB in Africa and ranked sixth globally. Worried about the low turnout of testing against the two deadly diseases, the Kaduna State Government collaborated with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to initiate, plan and conduct a two weeks integrated mass TB and COVID-19 screening campaign across the 23 Local Government Areas in the state. The outreach was also leveraged to expand the COVID-19 vaccination coverage.

Two high-risk communities from each LGAs were selected based on reviews data on the burden of TB and COVID-19 infection, population density and the testing rates in the state.

Intervention

Emphasizing the importance of the campaign, the Kaduna State Commissioner of Health, Dr Amina Baloni, said the outreach is apt to tackle the rising cases of COVID-19 and TB and improve the low population coverage of COVID-19 vaccination in the state.

Dr Baloni emphasised that the integration of the tests was to leverage resources to shore up testing when we noticed people were no longer volunteering for testing.

“We are working towards the national COVID-19 vaccination target to ensure that the disease is no longer of public health concern by the end of this year and using the opportunity to improve the detection of missing/undiagnosed TB cases to about 85% by the end of the year, she said.

To achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, Nigeria planned to get 40% of its population vaccinated by the end of 2021 and 70% vaccinated as at the end of 2022.

However, with only about 27 million persons vaccinated due to the low COVID-19 vaccination performance coverage level in many states, Nigeria is far from meeting the set target.

Encouraging numbers

To mitigate this challenge, states have been adopting the integrated health service delivery to expand COVID-19 vaccination in the country.

For instance, during the campaign in Kaduna Sate, over 20,000 people were screened for TB and COVID-19. Of which 115 tested positive for TB while 161 tested positive for COVID-19

Also, over 2 million people received the COVID-19 vaccination, pushing the state to 55% coverage of its eligible population as August 11, 2022. Kaduna state had only 9% fully vaccinated at end March 2022.

Appreciating the WHO and other stakeholders for bringing the health services to their doorstep, a community leader and ward head of Warri Street, Kaduna North LGA, Mallam Isa Nuhu, said the visit would shore up testing for TB and COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination in his community.

“My people were initially afraid of these two diseases. Bringing sensitization and testing to our doorstep has encouraged many residents to avail themselves of the services. It also fostered vaccination uptake in the community because some people resisted taking the vaccine during the initial vaccination drive in February due to rumours about its safety. However, the perception has changed after seeing those who have received the vaccines are still healthy,” he said.

Also, the ward head of Makera, Rigasa in Igabi LGA, Mallam Isiyaku Abdulwahab, applauded the initiative saying it gave members of his community the opportunity to access health care services.

Mallam Abdulwahab said “we know COVID-19 and TB are two deadly diseases, and we are grateful they chose to bring the outreach to our community. Bringing the TB, COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination to our doorstep is a sign that the government is committed to stopping the transmission of these deadly diseases”.

He urges the government to continue such interventions in other communities around the state.

Effective Harmonization

Buttressing the significance and success of the campaign, the WHO Kaduna State Coordinator, Dr Audu Sunday, said WHO supported the intervention with funding through USAID and GAVI.

He said although WHO’s role is to provide technical support, it has also provided catalytic funding to close up identified gaps and expand coverage of testing’s and COVID-19 vaccination.

“To ensure COVID-19 data quality assurance, the WHO also provides supportive supervision in the field and ensures all persons vaccinated are uploaded to the Electronic Management of Immunization Data (EMID) platform and the data validated.

For TB, we harmonize and triangulate data reported from the facility registers (presumptive TB and treatment registers) with laboratory register records and the drug inventory records used to crosscheck data quality’” he said.

Technical Contacts: Dr Fadare Omoniyi Amos; Email: omoniyia@who.int Dr Audu Sunday; Email: audusu@who.int

Source: World Health Organization